Leadership Impact Essay

This research paper is written on the Leadership styles and the impact they have on the workforce. My information is based on my direct observation while being employed in the U. S. Air Force. My paper will analyze Leadership styles by using two concepts from Robbins and Judge (2009). The two concepts I have chosen are Leader Behaviors (p. 397) and Vision Statement (p. 415). Leadership Behaviors Being in the military for the past nine years has giving me an opportunity to see many different leadership behaviors. Four leadership behaviors Robbins and Judge (2009) defined are directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented leaders (p. 397). The directive leader defines what is expected of the worker and schedules the work (p. 397). I feel that most people start off in with this leadership behavior until they grow as a leader. The supportive leader is concerned with the needs of their followers and interacts with them (p. 397). I have worked with many leaders that have used this behavior and it make them a popular leader, but can make it hard for them to get work done by some of their followers. I have seen were the workers take advantage of a leader because they feel more like a friend and not a boss. The participative leader takes the input of the follower and uses them before making a decision (p. 397). The Air Force leadership does use this behavior by using a yearly climate survey. The last leader behavior is the achievement-oriented leader. I feel that for the most part the behavior is the hardest to work for. This leadership style does not show much concern for the followers and does not take in their input. The leader is goal orientated and expects the followers to perform at their best to meet the goals (p. 97). Vision Statement A vision statement is a tool that leadership can use to tell why the organization exists (Kaplan & Norton, 2008). Most military units have a vision statement to motivate its members. My unit’s statement is Safety first, By the book, Then on time. Our vision statement put the safety of the workers first and the sets the attitude of how the work is to be done. Robbins and Judge (2009) state that a vision should be value centered (p. 415) and all the military units I have worked for have had a vision statement that puts it people first. I feel it can make it easier to work for someone if they value you. Conclusion Leaders may use any of the behavior styles talk about in the paper. Charismatic leaders will try to set a goal and good work environment for their workers (Fischer). The leaders of an organization will have to ensure they use the right behavior to motivate its workers. In Psalm 28:11 David asks to be taught the Lords way and be lead in a straight path. I think this is how a lot of employees feel and it is the job of the leaders to ensure they know what path the organization is going.

Frostbite Chapter 12

Twelve I WAS OUT OF BED in a flash. We found the entire lodge abuzz with the news. People clustered in small groups in the halls. Family members sought each other out. Some conversations were conducted in terrified whispers; some were loud and easy to overhear. I stopped a few people, trying to get the story straight. Everyone had a different version of what had happened, though, and some wouldn't even pause to talk. They hurried past, either seeking out loved ones or preparing to leave the resort, convinced there might be a safer place elsewhere. Frustrated with the differing stories, I finally- reluctantly- knew I had to seek out one of the two sources who would give me solid information. My mother or Dimitri. It was like flipping a coin. I wasn't really thrilled with either one of them right now. I debated momentarily and finally decided on my mother, seeing as how she wasn't getting it on with Tasha Ozera. The door to my mother's room was ajar, and as Lissa and I entered, I saw that a sort of makeshift headquarters had been established here. Lots of guardians were milling around, moving in and out, and discussing strategy. A few gave us odd looks, but no one stopped or questioned us. Lissa and I slid onto a small sofa to listen to a conversation my mother was having. She stood with a group of guardians, one of whom was Dimitri. So much for avoiding him. His brown eyes glanced at me briefly and I averted my gaze. I didn't want to deal with my troubled feelings for him right now. Lissa and I soon discerned the details. Eight Moroi had been killed along with their five guardians. Three Moroi were missing, either dead or turned Strigoi. The attack hadn't really happened near here; it had been somewhere in northern California. Nonetheless, a tragedy like this couldn't help but reverberate within the Moroi world, and for some, two states away was far too close. People were terrified, and I soon learned what in particular made this attack so notable. â€Å"There had to be more than last time,† said my mother. â€Å"More?† exclaimed one of the other guardians. â€Å"That last group was unheard of. I still can't believe nine Strigoi managed to work together- you expect me to believe they managed to get more organized still?† â€Å"Yes,† snapped my mother. â€Å"Any evidence of humans?† someone else asked. My mother hesitated, then: â€Å"Yes. More broken wards. And the way it was all conducted†¦it's identical to the Badica attack.† Her voice was hard, but there was a kind of weariness in it, too. It wasn't physical exhaustion, though. It was mental, I realized. Strain and hurt over what they were talking about. I always thought of my mother as some sort of unfeeling killing machine, but this was clearly hard for her. It was a hard, ugly matter to discuss- but at the same time, she was tackling it without hesitation. It was her duty. A lump formed in my throat that I quickly swallowed down. Humans. Identical to the Badica attack. Ever since that massacre, we'd extensively analyzed the oddity of such a large group of Strigoi teaming up and recruiting humans. We'd spoken in vague terms about â€Å"if something like this ever happens again †¦Ã¢â‚¬  But no one had seriously talked about this group- the Badica killers- doing it again. One time was a fluke- maybe a bunch of Strigoi had happened to gather and impulsively decided to go on a raid. It was horrible, but we could write that off. But now†¦now it looked as though that group of Strigoi hadn't been a random occurrence. They'd united with purpose, utilized humans strategically, and had attacked again. We now had what could be a pattern: Strigoi actively seeking out large groups of prey. Serial killings. We could no longer trust the protective magic of the wards. We couldn't even trust sunlight. Humans could move around in the day, scouting and sabotaging. The light was no longer safe. I remembered what I'd said to Dimitri at the Badica house: This changes everything, doesn't it? My mother flipped through some papers on a clipboard. â€Å"They don't have forensic details yet, but the same number of Strigoi couldn't have done this. None of the Drozdovs or their staff escaped. With five guardians, seven Strigoi would have been preoccupied- at least temporarily- for some to escape. We're looking at nine or ten, maybe.† â€Å"Janine's right,† said Dimitri. â€Å"And if you look at the venue†¦it's too big. Seven couldn't have covered it.† The Drozdovs were one of the twelve royal families. They were large and prosperous, not like Lissa's dying clan. They had plenty of family members to go around, but obviously, an attack like this was still horrible. Furthermore, something about them tickled my brain. There was something I should remember †¦ something I should know about the Drozdovs. While part of my mind puzzled that out, I watched my mother with fascination. I'd listened to her tell her stories. I'd seen and felt her fight. But really, truly, I'd never seen her in action in a real-life crisis. She showed every bit of that hard control she did around me, but here, I could see how necessary it was. A situation like this created panic. Even among the guardians, I could sense those who were so keyed up that they wanted to do something drastic. My mother was a voice of reason, a reminder that they had to stay focused and fully assess the situation. Her composure calmed everybody; her strong manner inspired them. This, I realized, was how a leader behaved. Dimitri was just as collected as she was, but he deferred to her to run things. I had to remind myself sometimes that he was young as far as guardians went. They discussed the attack more, how the Drozdovs had been having a belated Christmas party in a banquet hall when they were attacked. â€Å"First Badicas, now Drozdovs,† muttered one guardian. â€Å"They're going after royals.† â€Å"They're going after Moroi,† said Dimitri flatly. â€Å"Royal. Non-royal. It doesn't matter.† Royal. Non-royal. I suddenly knew why the Drozdovs were important. My spontaneous instincts wanted me to jump up and ask a question right now, but I knew better. This was the real deal. This was no time for irrational behavior. I wanted to be as strong as my mother and Dimitri, so I waited for the discussion to end. When the group started to break up, I leapt up off the sofa and pushed my way toward my mother. â€Å"Rose,† she said, surprised. Like in Stan's class, she hadn't noticed me in the room. â€Å"What are you doing here?† It was such a stupid question, I didn't try to answer it. What did she think I was doing here? This was one of the biggest things to happen to the Moroi. I pointed to her clipboard. â€Å"Who else was killed?† Irritation wrinkled her forehead. â€Å"Drozdovs.† â€Å"But who else?† â€Å"Rose, we don't have time- â€Å" â€Å"They had staff, right? Dimitri said non-royals. Who were they?† Again, I saw the weariness in her. She took these deaths hard. â€Å"I don't know all the names.† Flipping through a few pages, she turned the clipboard toward me. â€Å"There.† I scanned the list. My heart sank. â€Å"Okay,† I told her. â€Å"Thanks.† Lissa and I left them to go about their business. I wished I could have helped, but the guardians ran smoothly and efficiently on their own; they had no need for novices underfoot. â€Å"What was that about?† asked Lissa, once we were heading back to the main part of the lodge. â€Å"The Drozdovs' staff,† I said. â€Å"Mia's mom worked for them†¦.† Lissa gasped. â€Å"And?† I sighed. â€Å"And her name was on the list.† â€Å"Oh God.† Lissa stopped walking. She stared off into space, blinking back tears. â€Å"Oh God,† she repeated. I moved in front of her and placed my hands on her shoulders. She was shaking. â€Å"It's okay,† I said. Her fear came to me in waves, but it was a numbed fear. Shock. â€Å"This is going to be okay.† â€Å"You heard them,† she said. â€Å"There's a band of Strigoi organizing and attacking us! How many? Are they coming here?† â€Å"No,† I said firmly. I had no evidence of that, of course. â€Å"We're safe here.† â€Å"Poor Mia †¦Ã¢â‚¬  There was nothing I could say to that. I thought Mia was an absolute bitch, but I wouldn't wish this on anyone, not even my worst enemy- which, technically, she was. Immediately, I corrected that thought. Mia wasn't my worst enemy. I couldn't bear to leave Lissa's side for the rest of the day. I knew there were no Strigoi lurking in the lodge, but my protective instincts ran too strong. Guardians protected their Moroi. Like usual, I also worried about her being anxious and upset, so I did my best to diffuse those feelings. The other guardians provided reassurance for Moroi too. They didn't walk side by side with the Moroi, but they reinforced lodge security and stayed in constant communication with guardians at the scene of the attack. Information flowed in all day about the grisly specifics, as well as speculation about where the band of Strigoi was. Little of this was shared with novices, of course. While the guardians did what they did best, the Moroi also did what they- unfortunately- did best: talk. With so many royals and other important Moroi at the lodge, a meeting was organized that night to discuss what had happened and what might be done in the future. Nothing official would be decided here; the Moroi had a queen and a governing council elsewhere for those types of decisions. Everyone knew, though, that opinions gathered here would make their way up the chain of command. Our future safety could very well depend on what was discussed in this meeting. It was held in an enormous banquet hall inside the lodge, one with a podium and plenty of seating. Despite the businesslike atmosphere, you could tell this room had been designed for things other than meetings about massacres and defense. The carpet had the texture of velvet and showed an ornate floral design in shades of silver and black. The chairs were made of black polished wood and had high backs, clearly intended for fancy dining. Paintings of long-dead Moroi royalty hung on the walls. I stared briefly at one of a queen whose name I didn't know. She wore an old-fashioned dress- too heavy on lace for my tastes- and had pale hair like Lissa's. Some guy I didn't know was in charge of moderating and stood at the podium. Most of the royals on hand gathered at the front of the room. Everyone else, including students, took seats wherever they could. Christian and Mason had found Lissa and me by that point, and we all started to sit in the back when Lissa suddenly shook her head. â€Å"I'm going to sit in the front.† The three of us stared at her. I was too dumbfounded to probe her mind. â€Å"Look.† She pointed. â€Å"The royals are sitting up there, sitting by family.† It was true. Members of the same clans had clustered near each other: Badicas, Ivashkovs, Zekloses, etc. Tasha sat there as well, but she was by herself. Christian was the only other Ozera there. â€Å"I need to be up there,† said Lissa. â€Å"No one expects you to be there,† I told her. â€Å"I have to represent the Dragomirs.† Christian scoffed. â€Å"It's all a bunch of royal bullshit.† Her face set into a determined expression. â€Å"I need to be up there.† I opened myself up to Lissa's feelings and liked what I found. She'd spent most of the day quiet and afraid, much as she had when we'd found out about Mia's mom. That fear was within her still, but it was overpowered by a steady confidence and determination. She recognized that she was one of the ruling Moroi, and as much as the idea of roving bands of Strigoi scared her, she wanted to do her part. â€Å"You should do it,† I said softly. I also liked the idea of her defying Christian. Lissa met my eyes and smiled. She knew what I had sensed. A moment later, she turned to Christian. â€Å"You should join your aunt.† Christian opened his mouth to protest. If not for the horribleness of the situation, seeing Lissa order him around would have been funny. He was always stubborn and difficult; those who tried to push him didn't succeed. Watching his face, I saw the same realization I'd had about Lissa come over him. He liked seeing her strong too. He pressed his lips together in a grimace. â€Å"Okay.† He caught her hand, and the two of them walked off toward the front. Mason and I sat down. Just before things started, Dimitri sat down on the other side of me, hair tied behind his neck and the leather coat draping around him as he settled in the chair. I glanced at him in surprise but said nothing. There were few guardians at this gathering; most were too busy doing damage control. It would figure. There I was, stuck between both of my men. The meeting kicked off shortly thereafter. Everyone was eager to talk about how they thought the Moroi should be saved, but really, two theories got the most attention. â€Å"The answer's all around us,† said one royal, once he'd been given leave to speak. He stood by his chair and looked around the room. â€Å"Here. In places like this lodge. And St. Vladimir's. We send our children to safe places, places where they have safety in numbers and can be easily guarded. And look how many of us made it here, children and adults alike. Why don't we live this way all the time?† â€Å"Plenty of us already do,† someone shouted back. The man waved that off. â€Å"A couple of families here and there. Or a town with a large Moroi population. But those Moroi are still decentralized. Most don't pool their resources- their guardians, their magic. If we could emulate this model†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He spread his hands out. â€Å"†¦ we'd never have to worry about Strigoi again.† â€Å"And Moroi could never interact with the rest of the world again,† I muttered. â€Å"Well, until humans discovered secret vampire cities sprouting up in the wilderness. Then we'd have lots of interactions.† The other theory about how to protect the Moroi involved fewer logistical problems but had greater personal impact- particularly for me. â€Å"The problem is simply that we don't have enough guardians.† This plan's advocate was some woman from the Szelsky clan. â€Å"And so, the answer is simple: get more. The Drozdovs had five guardians, and that wasn't enough. Only six to protect over a dozen Moroi! That's unacceptable. It's no wonder these kinds of things keep happening.† â€Å"Where do you propose getting more guardians from?† asked the man who'd been in favor of Moroi banding together. â€Å"They're kind of a limited resource.† She pointed to where I and a few other novices sat. â€Å"We've got plenty already. I've watched them train. They're deadly. Why are we waiting until they turn eighteen? If we accelerated the training program and focused more on combat training than bookwork, we could turn out new guardians when they're sixteen.† Dimitri made a sound low in his throat that didn't seem happy. Leaning forward, he placed his elbows on his knees and rested his chin in his hands, eyes narrowed in thought. â€Å"Not only that, we have plenty of potential guardians going to waste. Where are all the dhampir women? Our races are intertwined. The Moroi are doing their part to help the dhampirs survive. Why aren't these women doing theirs? Why aren't they here?† A long, sultry laugh came as an answer. All eyes turned toward Tasha Ozera. Whereas many of the other royals had dressed up, she was easy and casual. She wore her usual jeans, a white tank top that showed a bit of midriff, and a blue, lacy knit cardigan that came to her knees. Glancing at the moderator, she asked, â€Å"May I?† He nodded. The Szelsky woman sat down; Tasha stood up. Unlike the other speakers, she strode right up to the podium, so she could be clearly seen by everyone. Her glossy black hair was pulled back into a ponytail, completely exposing her scars in a way I suspected was intentional. Her face was bold and defiant. Beautiful. â€Å"Those women aren't here, Monica, because they're too busy raising their children- you know, the ones you want to start sending out to the fronts as soon as they can walk. And please don't insult us all by acting like the Moroi do a huge favor to the dhampirs by helping them reproduce. Maybe it's different in your family, but for the rest of us, sex is fun. The Moroi doing it with dhampirs aren't really making that big of a sacrifice.† Dimitri had straightened up now, his expression no longer angry. Probably he was excited that his new girlfriend had mentioned sex. Irritation shot through me, and I hoped that if I had a homicidal look on my face, people would assume it was for Strigoi and not the woman currently addressing us. Beyond Dimitri, I suddenly noticed Mia sitting by herself, farther down the row. I hadn't realized she was here. She was slumped in her seat. Her eyes were red-rimmed, her face paler than usual. A funny ache burned in my chest, one I'd never expected her to bring about. â€Å"And the reason we're waiting for these guardians to turn eighteen is so that we can allow them to enjoy some pretense of a life before forcing them to spend the rest of their days in constant danger. They need those extra years to develop mentally as well as physically. Pull them out before they're ready, treat them like they're parts on an assembly line- and you're just creating Strigoi fodder.† A few people gasped at Tasha's callous choice of words, but she succeeded in getting everyone's attention. â€Å"You create more fodder still if you try making the other dhampir women become guardians. You can't force them into that life if they don't want it. This entire plan of yours to get more guardians relies on throwing children and the unwilling into harm's way, just so you can- barely- stay one step ahead of the enemy. I would have said it's the stupidest plan I've ever heard, if I hadn't already had to listen to his.† She pointed at the first speaker, the one who had wanted Moroi compounds. Embarrassment clouded his features. â€Å"Enlighten us then, Natasha,† he said. â€Å"Tell us what you think we should do, seeing as you have so much experience with Strigoi.† A thin smile played on Tasha's lips, but she didn't rise to the insult. â€Å"What do I think?† She strode closer to the stage's front, gazing at us as she answered his question. â€Å"I think we should stop coming up with plans that involve us relying on someone or something to protect us. You think there are too few guardians? That's not the problem. The problem is there are too many Strigoi. And we've let them multiply and become more powerful because we do nothing about them except have stupid arguments like this. We run and hide behind the dhampirs and let the Strigoi go unchecked. It's our fault. We are the reason those Drozdovs died. You want an army? Well, here we are. Dhampirs aren't the only ones who can learn to fight. The question, Monica, isn't where the dhampir women are in this fight. The question is: Where are we?† Tasha was shouting by now, and the exertion turned her cheeks pink. Her eyes shone with her impassioned feelings, and when combined with the rest of her pretty features- and even with the scar- she made a striking figure. Most people couldn't take their eyes off her. Lissa watched Tasha with wonder, inspired by her words. Mason looked hypnotized. Dimitri looked impressed. And farther past him †¦ Farther past him was Mia. Mia no longer hunched in her chair. She was sitting up straight, straight as a stick, her eyes as wide as they could go. She stared at Tasha as though she alone held all the answers to life. Monica Szelsky looked less awed, and she fixed her gaze on Tasha. â€Å"Surely you aren't suggesting the Moroi fight alongside the guardians when the Strigoi come?† Tasha regarded her levelly. â€Å"No. I'm suggesting the Moroi and the guardians go fight the Strigoi before they come.† A guy in his twenties who looked like a Ralph Lauren spokesmodel shot up. I would have wagered money he was royal. No one else could have afforded blond highlights that perfect. He untied an expensive sweater from around his waist and draped it over the back of his chair. â€Å"Oh,† he said in a mocking voice, speaking out of turn. â€Å"So, you're going to just give us clubs and stakes and send us off to do battle?† Tasha shrugged. â€Å"If that's what it takes, Andrew, then sure.† A sly smile crossed her pretty lips. â€Å"But there are other weapons we can learn to use, too. Ones the guardians can't.† The look on his face showed how insane he thought that idea was. He rolled his eyes. â€Å"Oh yeah? Like what?† Her smile turned into a full-fledged grin. â€Å"Like this.† She waved her hand, and the sweater he'd placed on the back of his chair burst into flames. He yelped in surprise and knocked it to the floor, stamping it out with his feet. There was a brief, collective intake of breath throughout the room. And then †¦ chaos broke out.

Great Ideas to Make Your 21st Birthday Memorable

Turning 21 is a rite of passage for Americans  since its the age when its finally legal to drink alcohol. Its the last milestone of official adulthood, with the right to vote set at 18, the right to marry varying by state, and the right to drive extended to kids as young as 16.   Getting stone-drunk on your birthday may sound like fun in theory, but it may make memories of the evening hazy later on. So here are some ideas to bring in your big 21 like a mature adult. Travel Someplace New Make your 21st year the year of globe-trotting. You dont need a big budget to travel. Ditch the lavish hotels, and go for small, inexpensive ones, or even check out hostels. You can also connect with friends abroad and stay with people you know. That way, you get to experience the local flavors and a great cultural experience.   Even if your budget doesnt allow for overseas travel, try to find a way to get out of your comfort zone for a while, to meet new people and experience new things.   Visit Your Childhood Home If you have relocated since your childhood, visit the place you were born. Meet old neighbors, family friends, and people you once knew. Perhaps they have pictures or stories to share with you. When you revisit your place of birth, you realize what a long way youve come.   Of course, if its not possible to make the visit, or if childhood memories of your birthplace arent happy ones, you can take some time to reconnect with old acquaintances and family you havent seen or spoken to in a while. Birthdays are a good time to look back on all youve achieved.   Donate to Charity How about giving away all the stuff that you have grown out of? Find a charity organization that will be happy to collect your old belongings. There is a certain joy in giving. You will cherish this memory forever. Drink Responsibly If you plan to go out partying with friends, make sure to have someone sober to drive you home safely or that you have a smartphone to contact a taxi or a ride-share service. No driving after youve been drinking alcohol. Reflect on Your Milestones and Plan Ahead As you grow older, you are also supposed to grow wiser. Your 21st birthday is the perfect occasion to plan your future. Look back at the milestones you achieved and ponder about your life ahead: What do you want to do over the next year? How do you plan to improve your life? What are the mistakes you never want to repeat? Quotes About Getting Older And finally, here are a few quotes that may give you inspiration for your 21st birthday: The man who views the world at fifty the same as he did at twenty has wasted thirty years of his life. – Muhammad Ali When a man is tired of life on his 21st birthday it indicates that he is rather tired of something in himself. –​ ​F. Scott Fitzgerald At twenty years of age, the will  reigns; at thirty, the wit; and at forty, the  judgment.   –  Benjamin Franklin Live as long as you may. The first twenty years are the longest half of your life. – Robert Southey Nature gives you the face you have at twenty, but its up to you to merit the face you have at fifty. – Coco Chanel How swift have flownTo me thy girlish times,A woman  grown  beneathMy heedless eyes!In vain I rackMy fancy to believeThe almanac,That speaks thee twenty-one.– Charles Lamb

is rationalisation a desireable strategy for junction hotel

Foundations Of Managing And Organising N0451474 Assessment 2: Discuss which approach to managing and organising Junction Hotel would be most effective for the long –term success of the hotel: personality and motivation 3000 words This essay will be discussing the affects that Junction Hotel would sustain if they were to implement rationalisation as a strategy. Julien Freund (1968) defines rationalisation as the organization of life through a division and coordination of activities on the basis of exact study of men s relations with each other, with their tools and their environment, for the purpose of achieving greater efficiency and productivity.† Junction Hotel has recently suffered a fall in†¦show more content†¦Analysing a more humanist approach he argued how treating people as a machine is degrading towards the human spirit. Furthermore Elton mayo (1984) investigated against rationalisation approach using the ‘Hawthorne experiments’ concluding how managers or observers aswell as colleagues can affect how well people work. Morgan (2006) also looked into human minds and behaviour and argued that even though machines have an everyday use in society negative effects can occur such as affecting the ‘human spirit’ in routinized activities. Rationalisation as an approach towards Junction Hotel can show its advantages in efficiency levels however; even efficiency is not always affected in a positive way as Ritzer (2011) explains using the organisation McDonald’s as his focus, constructing social theories in the organisation about how people’s creativity can be restrained in the repetitive workforce. Ritzer (2011) explains his theory upon how individuals in the workplace are affected by a more psychological perspective. Thinking about the rationalisation approach towards the Junction Hotel may not only limit staff member’s creativity, but make the current workplace more repetitive and therefore dull. Increasing managing customers in an efficient time may also create a negative affect by increasing the workload per person

Foundations of American Government - 1084 Words

Foundations of American Government I believe the five pathways for change were put here to guide us in becoming a more efficient government and to give different examples of how to go about change in America. All of the pathways are important but to me the most important is the lobbying decision makers’ pathway. â€Å"Lobbyists are said to be advocates, someone who represents a specific side of an issue. According to Thomson Gale Legal Encyclopedia, A lobbyist and a lawyer have similar attributes whereas the lobbyist targets the legislative point of view and the lawyer targets the judicial point of view. Lawyers provide facts on different perspectives on legal issues dealing with the case; And lobbyist offer local, state, and federal†¦show more content†¦Their advertisement proclaimed that all they wanted to do was â€Å"protect their Freedom of Choice.† â€Å"This is New York City; no one tells us what neighborhood to live in or what team to root for,† says the narrator, as Yankees and Mets fans shout in the background. (Grynbaum, 2012). Since May 30 when Bloomberg wanted to ban the sale of soft drinks over 16 ounces in regulated food establishments such as movie theaters and sport arenas. Senator Frank R. Lautenberg, a New Jersey Democrat, recommended there be a federal study linking together sugary beverages and obesity. â€Å"The talking points are ‘Nanny State,’ that it won’t work, because people will just buy as much as they ever would, and that this disproportionately hurts the poor,† said Kelly Brownell, director of the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at Yale University. (Grynbaum, 2012). People that are not middle or low class would buy as much soda as they wanted and the rest of the people would be stuck with whatever drink is leftover. The lower class minority groups seem to always get the shorter end of the stick and in most cases unless a big group of them get together their voices will not be heard. The mayor or t he city council should not have the right to tell you what size soda to drink or what kind of soda to drink; We live in The United States of America and there is no law that says anything about a specific size or flavor of soda so until that day comes nobody shouldShow MoreRelatedFoundations, Principles, and Structure of the American National Government2929 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Foundations, Principles and Structure of the American National Government Historical Foundations The actions taken by the framers of the Constitution demonstrated a sense of vision and innovation ahead of its time. 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All of these variables thus factor into how American’s view law and order represented in Supreme Court cases such as Marbury vs. Madison along with McCulloch vs. Maryland. United States political institutional development is constantly evolving before, during and after the ratification of the United States Constitution due to an influ x of different cultures ideals and opinions. The foundation of Political thought in AmericaRead MoreBasic Principles of Democracy916 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States of America has five basic principles which ensure the ability of the country. The basic foundations: fundamental worth, equality of all persons, majority rule minority rights, necessity of compromise, and ividual freedom. This paper reviews three of the five principles: majority rule and minority rights, individual freedom, and necessity of compromise. Two of these cases of individual freedom plus majority rule and minority rights the United States has failed to upholdRead MoreThe American Revolution Was Not A Revolution Since Little New Country1428 Words   |  6 PagesMany historians argue that the American Revolution was not a revolution since little change happened within its social aspect, and therefore, not radical enough to be considered a revolution; others say that the American Revolution was a unique transformation in which the countryâ €™s economy and political changes contributed greatly to the birth of a new country. To completely agree or deny either of these points would be ignoring the plausible and different perspectives, along with the supportingRead MoreAmerica s Christian History : The Testament Of America1168 Words   |  5 PagesThrough American history, we are told over and over that America was based upon a foundation of God fearing men, but without the knowledge that we are who we are because of God himself, we would be nothing. In the book, America s Christian History: The Untold Story, it speaks upon the moral foundations of the government that were established by the Pilgrims/Puritans and the Founding Fathers of America. Kirk Fordice was the former governor of Mississippi. He made the bold statement by which manyRead MoreHow Revolutionary Was the American Revolution?1701 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution would lead one of the greatest countries in the world. A superpower, at the forefront of innovation. It would become an example, a beacon, for freedom, and liberty everywhere. 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Gardners Multiple Intelligence free essay sample

He was the first who introduced the Multiple Intelligences theory to the society (Gardner, 1983). The concept of Gardners theory partially comes from his experience in working with people who are not supported in physically, even mentally (Gardner). For example, he found some autistic children have an exceptional musical and mathematical talent even though their social skills are disturbed. According to Gardner (1993), intelligence is a problem solving ability to solve difficulties and create products that are valuable in some cultural settings. Gardner himself has identified nine different types of intelligence that potentially owned by each individual, which are consist of linguistic intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, musical-rhythmic intelligence, bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence, spatial intelligence, naturalist intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, and existential intelligence. It means if there is nobody has the exact same level of intelligence, not even the twins. Some people may only master in certain area and some people might master in variety of areas, without any exceptions. We will write a custom essay sample on Gardners Multiple Intelligence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That is what he called as Multiple Intelligences. The idea of this theory comes from the way Gardner defines intelligence as an ability to create some effective solutions and products that are valuable in at least more than one cultural (Gardner, 1998). By stating this statement, Gardner expands the meaning of intelligence by including various aspects outside the normal academic fields which he believes will be useful for people in the culture where they live in. Gardner and his colleagues did a survey of their theory research by collecting some information from a wide range of sources, included descriptions of special populations (Gardner, 1983). The populations could be included autistic children, mental disability people, normal savants, and people from different kinds of work or different cultures. The result states that Intelligence behaviour doesn’t derive from a unity cell, but they are generated from variety of different cell types of brain, which is allowing the individual to solve problems that are valuable in cultural settings (Gardner). Based on the result, Gardner (1998) used some criteria to classify these types of intelligences, included an ability that can be increased through the lifetime become an independent skill. Another scientist, David Perkins (1995) also did a research to learn about intelligence and the way to increase IQ development by analyzed some educational theories and approaches to the education which his analysis strongly supports Gardner’s theory. Gardner (1998) actually has strong evidence to support his theory. He prefers to rely on case studies and real life situations instead of using written test. The most convincing study that Gardner figured out is the intelligence of stroke victims. When we find someone who suffers from stroke, it is the fact if they would lose their physical ability, but they still can accomplish their task. It explains that the idea of intelligence each controlled separately. Another study found by Gardner (1983) is, there are some children who are talented in different areas, which is means if they have different types of intelligence. Some were good in musical and logic, and yet another child might be good in naturalist and interpersonal skills. The same with personalities, Gardner realized if everyone has different types of intelligence. These studies strongly show that Multiple Intelligences Theory is Multifaceted (Gardner, 1998). The further research has figured out a more influential method which is known as Neuroimaging. It has lightened the scientists to determine the activity of the brain directly through the changes in blood flow in the brain (Posner, 2004). It shows the researchers that there are different parts of the brain would be working while doing mathematical and auditory task. It strongly proves that different intelligences are controlled by different parts of the brain. However, some claim that Gardner’s theory doesn’t have strong evidence enough to support it (Waterhouse, 2006). One of them argued that the theory was not supported by traditional intelligence testing. Some psychologists said if the nine characteristics were not related to the idea of intelligence (Willingham, 2004). While others say that the evidence does exist (Gardner amp; Moran, 2006). Besides that, there are also various criticisms about the theory. John White (1997, as cited in Smith, 2008) who has argued that there are some significant problems around the criteria of the theory, including individual criteria which have raised some questions that the answer still can’t be found by him in Gardner’s writing. The point is most of the criticisms were devoted to the way he presented it. Because Garner did not use such of that traditional test, his definition seems not to be accepted. Meanwhile, because Intelligence is a common thing that does not have a clear definition which is means can be measured in many ways, therefore Gardner’s theory should not be avoided just because he chose a non-traditional way to demonstrate his theory. On the other side, there are arguments between the teachers who have experienced in applying the theory as their teaching method. Some feel it works well. They feel that the theory would be helpful for the students because it trains them to think in many ways and increases their thinking ability (Ormrod, 2006). Otherwise, some feel the theory would not work well for the students because it will narrow their development. All students are considered to have an equal level of intelligence, so no one is assumed as more gifted or cleverer than another (Theory of multiple intelligences, 2008). Besides that, there is another theory which is suggested as better alternatives than Gardner’s. It is known as Triarchic theory of intelligence, which is found by Robert Sternberg (1997). Some teachers reported that most of the students who were not doing well in school, have reached a higher level of success in their working. These observations have supported Stenberg in doing his research (Stenberg, 1988). Same with Gardner’s theory, he found that everyone has a different type and level of intelligence. However, Stenberg (1997) is more focus on his three components, which are consist of practical, experiential, and componential intelligence, in purpose to help the individual to increase their ability in the type of intelligence which they chose to do. He believes if those intelligences abilities can be increased by learning, study, and practice. Many people always assume that intelligence is what can be measured from science. According to research done by Gardner, it is wrong. Sometimes, a child might be good in musical, but not too good in logic. In that case, he is not categorized as a fool. However, his musical intelligence is higher than his logical. According to Gardner (1983), human beings have several kinds of intelligence and everyone has a distinctive intelligence that can be increased as their independent skill. Each type of intelligence is the same. They are feasible and valuable (Gardner).

National Economic Policy

Policy Mix to Increase Output without Changing Interest Rates It is the desire of policy makers to boost economic growth in all ways possible. One of their main problem is always how to increase economic output while maintaining interest rates as low as possible because high interest rates discourage some components of aggregate demand especially investments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on National Economic Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fiscal policy uses the government resources to alter aggregate demand thus, influencing economic performance of a country (Arnold 2010). To raise output, policy makers will need to implement expansionary fiscal policy. This means that the government can either choose to reduce the amount of tax that citizens have to pay, increase it purchases or increase its level of transfers. The effects of taxes cannot be expected with certainty since it is not automatic that whe n people’s disposable income increases their spending follows suit, because others may choose to save instead of spending. When the government increases its level of purchases then, the level of planned expenditure in the whole country increases thus, demand for goods and services increases. Increases in demand means that suppliers can sell more commodities than they are currently selling therefore suppliers increase their output. On the same note, when government chooses to reduce the amount of taxes that are levied, people will have more disposable income and they are likely to increase their spending thus increasing aggregate demand. This will give suppliers incentive to produce more thus increasing output, which will in turn increase the average levels of income. It should be noted that, the increase in output is always more than the increase in government spending due to government multiplier. Expansionary fiscal policy makes the IS curve to shift to the right due to inc rease in aggregate demand which in turn increases output (Mankiw 2011). Regrettably, as the IS curve shifts to the right it is not the output only that increases but also interest rates and because policy makers do not want any effect in the interest rates the LM curve must be induced to shift to the right. If expansionary monetary policy is implemented, for example by increasing the amount of money in the economy, the LM curve will shift to the right (Froyen 2008). When the amount of money in circulation increases, the supply of money exceeds its demand and to boost the demand for money, banks have to reduce the interest rates thus making it cheaper to borrow.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The graph above shows the effects of expansionary fiscal policy as well as monetary policy on the IS LM curve. If the economy is initially in equilibrium at point A with interest rates i1 and output y1. Implementation of expansionary fiscal policy will cause a shift of the IS curve from I1S1 to I2S2 thus, changing the equilibrium from point A to point B with interest rate i2 and output y2. An expansionary monetary policy shifts the LM curve rightwards from L1M1 to L2M2 increasing output to y3 but reducing interest rates back to i1 and setting the new equilibrium at point C. Therefore, through mixing expansionary fiscal and expansionary monetary policy, policy makers can increase output without increasing interest rates (Gordon 2008). Elasticity of Money Demand and its Effects It is paramount to note that the quantity change in the demand for money is subjective to the elasticity of demand for money in relation to the factors that affect the demand for money. Income elasticity of money demand is the percentage change in the quantity of money demanded as a result of unit change in income levels of people. Usually, people who have higher income levels tend to have h igher expenses and thus demand more money for their transactions. However, it has been noted that the increase in real money demand is less proportional to increase in real income levels. Alternatively, interest elasticity of money demand is the quantity change of demand in money caused by a unit change in interest rates. Interest rates represents the opportunity cost of holding money therefore, as they increase it becomes expensive to hold money. Consequently, as the interest rates increases, rate of return on securities increases and people find it profitable to invest in securities instead of holding money. Accordingly, as interest rates increase, nominal demand for money decreases because people prefer to hold non-monetary assets as opposed to cash money.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on National Economic Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Expansionary fiscal policy increases output and therefore, income of the people while at the same time it influences increase in interest rates. It will therefore be more effective if the income elasticity of money demand exceeds interest elasticity of money demand (Keynes 2006). This is because the quantity increase in demand for money to be spent will be higher than the quantity decrease in demand for money to be invested and thus the overall effect will be increase in output. It should be noted that, the final quantity increase in aggregate demand and hence, the increase in output is highly influenced by the quantity decrease in investments as a result of increase in interest rates. The increase in output due to expansionary fiscal policy causes an increase in interest rates which is the cost of investments (Harford 2012). This in turn leads to decrease in the amount of investments thus, reducing the quantity change in aggregate demand, a process referred to as crowding out effect. If interest elasticity of money demand exceeds income elastici ty of money demand, the crowding out effect is large to the extent that it might completely eliminate the increase in output resulting from expansionary fiscal policy (Baumol Blinder 2011). The graph above shows IS LM curve of an economy. Expansionary fiscal policy shifts the I1S1 curve to I3S3 increasing both output and interest rates. The increase in interest rates makes investment expensive while non monetary assets become cheap. This leads to decrease in the level of private consumption and specifically investments thus, causing the IS curve to shift leftwards from I3S3 to I2S2 thus reducing the actual output from y3 to y2. It should be noted that, the leftward shift due to increase in interest rates is high when the interest elasticity of money demand is higher than the income elasticity of money demand, and in such a case it reduces the multiplier effect of fiscal policy. Therefore, the crowding out effect determines the quantity change in output due to expansionary fiscal p olicy and the higher it is the lower the quantity increase. Fiscal Policy under Fixed and Floating Exchange Rate System By operating a fixed exchange rate system, the government is ready to maintain exchange rate at the fixed level using all mechanisms that are available. When an expansionary fiscal policy is pursued in an economy where exchange rate is fixed, it leads to different results compared to a situation where the interest rates are floating (Tucker 2008). Let us first look at a situation where a country operates a fixed exchange rate system and the capital is perfectly mobile.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Expansionary fiscal policy will lead to increased aggregate demand hence, shifting the IS curve from I1S1 to I2S2 as shown in the graph above. This will exert pressure on exchange rates to go up, but since the central bank is determined to maintain exchange rate at the current level E*, it increases money supply through open market operations. Increase in money supply causes the LM curve to shift to the right from LM1 to LM2 therefore pushing aggregate incomes upwards from y1 to y2. Since there is perfect mobility of capital, the capital can easily be transferred to production of commodities whose demand is high. Let us now consider the outcomes of expansionary fiscal policy in case of a floating exchange rate. Expansionary fiscal policy shifts the IS curve rightwards from IS1 to IS2 as shown in the graph above. As a result, capital inflow increases which in turn increases demand for local currency therefore, increasing exchange rates from e1 to e2 while the aggregate income remai ns the same. Therefore, under fixed exchange rate system expansionary fiscal policy has greater effects because it triggers expansionary monetary policy thus, increasing aggregate income even further. It is important to note that, since exchange rate is maintained constant, the problem of crowding out effect is minimized. References Arnold, RA 2010, Macroeconomics, Cengage Learning, Stanford. Baumol, WJ Blinder, AS 2011, Macroeconomics: Principles and Policy, Cengage Learning, Stanford. Froyen, RT 2008, Macroeconomics: Theories and Policies, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. Gordon, RJ 2008, Macroeconomics, Addison-Wesley, Boston. Harford, T 2012, The Undercover Economist, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Keynes, JM 2006, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi. Mankiw, NG 2011, Essentials of Economics, Cengage Learning, Stanford. Tucker, I 2008, Economics for Today. Cengage Learning, Stanford. This essay on National Economic Policy was written and submitted by user Marshall Phelps to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.