is rationalisation a desireable strategy for junction hotel

Foundations Of Managing And Organising N0451474 Assessment 2: Discuss which approach to managing and organising Junction Hotel would be most effective for the long –term success of the hotel: personality and motivation 3000 words This essay will be discussing the affects that Junction Hotel would sustain if they were to implement rationalisation as a strategy. Julien Freund (1968) defines rationalisation as the organization of life through a division and coordination of activities on the basis of exact study of men s relations with each other, with their tools and their environment, for the purpose of achieving greater efficiency and productivity.† Junction Hotel has recently suffered a fall in†¦show more content†¦Analysing a more humanist approach he argued how treating people as a machine is degrading towards the human spirit. Furthermore Elton mayo (1984) investigated against rationalisation approach using the ‘Hawthorne experiments’ concluding how managers or observers aswell as colleagues can affect how well people work. Morgan (2006) also looked into human minds and behaviour and argued that even though machines have an everyday use in society negative effects can occur such as affecting the ‘human spirit’ in routinized activities. Rationalisation as an approach towards Junction Hotel can show its advantages in efficiency levels however; even efficiency is not always affected in a positive way as Ritzer (2011) explains using the organisation McDonald’s as his focus, constructing social theories in the organisation about how people’s creativity can be restrained in the repetitive workforce. Ritzer (2011) explains his theory upon how individuals in the workplace are affected by a more psychological perspective. Thinking about the rationalisation approach towards the Junction Hotel may not only limit staff member’s creativity, but make the current workplace more repetitive and therefore dull. Increasing managing customers in an efficient time may also create a negative affect by increasing the workload per person

Foundations of American Government - 1084 Words

Foundations of American Government I believe the five pathways for change were put here to guide us in becoming a more efficient government and to give different examples of how to go about change in America. All of the pathways are important but to me the most important is the lobbying decision makers’ pathway. â€Å"Lobbyists are said to be advocates, someone who represents a specific side of an issue. According to Thomson Gale Legal Encyclopedia, A lobbyist and a lawyer have similar attributes whereas the lobbyist targets the legislative point of view and the lawyer targets the judicial point of view. Lawyers provide facts on different perspectives on legal issues dealing with the case; And lobbyist offer local, state, and federal†¦show more content†¦Their advertisement proclaimed that all they wanted to do was â€Å"protect their Freedom of Choice.† â€Å"This is New York City; no one tells us what neighborhood to live in or what team to root for,† says the narrator, as Yankees and Mets fans shout in the background. (Grynbaum, 2012). Since May 30 when Bloomberg wanted to ban the sale of soft drinks over 16 ounces in regulated food establishments such as movie theaters and sport arenas. Senator Frank R. Lautenberg, a New Jersey Democrat, recommended there be a federal study linking together sugary beverages and obesity. â€Å"The talking points are ‘Nanny State,’ that it won’t work, because people will just buy as much as they ever would, and that this disproportionately hurts the poor,† said Kelly Brownell, director of the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at Yale University. (Grynbaum, 2012). People that are not middle or low class would buy as much soda as they wanted and the rest of the people would be stuck with whatever drink is leftover. The lower class minority groups seem to always get the shorter end of the stick and in most cases unless a big group of them get together their voices will not be heard. The mayor or t he city council should not have the right to tell you what size soda to drink or what kind of soda to drink; We live in The United States of America and there is no law that says anything about a specific size or flavor of soda so until that day comes nobody shouldShow MoreRelatedFoundations, Principles, and Structure of the American National Government2929 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Foundations, Principles and Structure of the American National Government Historical Foundations The actions taken by the framers of the Constitution demonstrated a sense of vision and innovation ahead of its time. One of the most influential aspects of this visionary quality which was coupled with definitive innovation was that framers of the constitution created it so that it would truly endure; they wanted the constitution to be relevant to address the challenges and needs of their time andRead More Advancement of Civic Engagement by Community Foundations in Low Income African American Communities1598 Words   |  7 Pages The role of civic engagement in neighborhood revitalization, particularly in low income African American communities, has gained increased awareness and in recent years. Community, nonprofit, and government leaders now view civic engagement as a critical component of effective solutions as they seek to address crime, unemployment, low graduation rates and numerous other neighborhood challenges. Several successful initiatives have come to fruition and provide strong evidence of the benefitsRead MoreThe Political System Of The United States1053 Words   |  5 Pagescomponents and there are several factors the contributed to what the U.S. political system is today. Such as, where the foundations of the U.S. government came from, the American idea of government, the characteristics of American society and political culture, and the values and principles of American democracy. The founding fathers were wise and had great experience in politics and government, however they could not produce ideas for a political system of a country by just using their wisdom and experienceRead MoreThe Necessary Separation of Church and State in America Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagesstated: â€Å"Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should `make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus building a wall of separation betweenRead MoreJohn Locke And James Harrington Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"factions† or as contemporary Americans would refer to as Political parties. All of these variables thus factor into how American’s view law and order represented in Supreme Court cases such as Marbury vs. Madison along with McCulloch vs. Maryland. United States political institutional development is constantly evolving before, during and after the ratification of the United States Constitution due to an influ x of different cultures ideals and opinions. The foundation of Political thought in AmericaRead MoreBasic Principles of Democracy916 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States of America has five basic principles which ensure the ability of the country. The basic foundations: fundamental worth, equality of all persons, majority rule minority rights, necessity of compromise, and ividual freedom. This paper reviews three of the five principles: majority rule and minority rights, individual freedom, and necessity of compromise. Two of these cases of individual freedom plus majority rule and minority rights the United States has failed to upholdRead MoreThe American Revolution Was Not A Revolution Since Little New Country1428 Words   |  6 PagesMany historians argue that the American Revolution was not a revolution since little change happened within its social aspect, and therefore, not radical enough to be considered a revolution; others say that the American Revolution was a unique transformation in which the countryâ €™s economy and political changes contributed greatly to the birth of a new country. To completely agree or deny either of these points would be ignoring the plausible and different perspectives, along with the supportingRead MoreAmerica s Christian History : The Testament Of America1168 Words   |  5 PagesThrough American history, we are told over and over that America was based upon a foundation of God fearing men, but without the knowledge that we are who we are because of God himself, we would be nothing. In the book, America s Christian History: The Untold Story, it speaks upon the moral foundations of the government that were established by the Pilgrims/Puritans and the Founding Fathers of America. Kirk Fordice was the former governor of Mississippi. He made the bold statement by which manyRead MoreHow Revolutionary Was the American Revolution?1701 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution would lead one of the greatest countries in the world. A superpower, at the forefront of innovation. It would become an example, a beacon, for freedom, and liberty everywhere. But how much of this was really due to the American Revolution? The American Revolution was truly revolutionary in many ways, including the new ideas of Political Equality of the Classes, Inalienable Rights, and Consent of the Governed. The American Revolution caused the movement of Political EqualityRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence: Americas Foundation Essay example1229 Words   |  5 Pages Therefore, serving as the foundation for many laws and documents composed after it, the Declaration of Independence has been helpful in defining the rights of the American citizens, the powers of the government, and the identity of the United States as a free nation. One argument favoring â€Å"The Declaration of Independence† serving as the foundation for many laws and documents is that it defines the rights of the American citizens. The document states that â€Å"governments exist only through the power

Gardners Multiple Intelligence free essay sample

He was the first who introduced the Multiple Intelligences theory to the society (Gardner, 1983). The concept of Gardners theory partially comes from his experience in working with people who are not supported in physically, even mentally (Gardner). For example, he found some autistic children have an exceptional musical and mathematical talent even though their social skills are disturbed. According to Gardner (1993), intelligence is a problem solving ability to solve difficulties and create products that are valuable in some cultural settings. Gardner himself has identified nine different types of intelligence that potentially owned by each individual, which are consist of linguistic intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, musical-rhythmic intelligence, bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence, spatial intelligence, naturalist intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, and existential intelligence. It means if there is nobody has the exact same level of intelligence, not even the twins. Some people may only master in certain area and some people might master in variety of areas, without any exceptions. We will write a custom essay sample on Gardners Multiple Intelligence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That is what he called as Multiple Intelligences. The idea of this theory comes from the way Gardner defines intelligence as an ability to create some effective solutions and products that are valuable in at least more than one cultural (Gardner, 1998). By stating this statement, Gardner expands the meaning of intelligence by including various aspects outside the normal academic fields which he believes will be useful for people in the culture where they live in. Gardner and his colleagues did a survey of their theory research by collecting some information from a wide range of sources, included descriptions of special populations (Gardner, 1983). The populations could be included autistic children, mental disability people, normal savants, and people from different kinds of work or different cultures. The result states that Intelligence behaviour doesn’t derive from a unity cell, but they are generated from variety of different cell types of brain, which is allowing the individual to solve problems that are valuable in cultural settings (Gardner). Based on the result, Gardner (1998) used some criteria to classify these types of intelligences, included an ability that can be increased through the lifetime become an independent skill. Another scientist, David Perkins (1995) also did a research to learn about intelligence and the way to increase IQ development by analyzed some educational theories and approaches to the education which his analysis strongly supports Gardner’s theory. Gardner (1998) actually has strong evidence to support his theory. He prefers to rely on case studies and real life situations instead of using written test. The most convincing study that Gardner figured out is the intelligence of stroke victims. When we find someone who suffers from stroke, it is the fact if they would lose their physical ability, but they still can accomplish their task. It explains that the idea of intelligence each controlled separately. Another study found by Gardner (1983) is, there are some children who are talented in different areas, which is means if they have different types of intelligence. Some were good in musical and logic, and yet another child might be good in naturalist and interpersonal skills. The same with personalities, Gardner realized if everyone has different types of intelligence. These studies strongly show that Multiple Intelligences Theory is Multifaceted (Gardner, 1998). The further research has figured out a more influential method which is known as Neuroimaging. It has lightened the scientists to determine the activity of the brain directly through the changes in blood flow in the brain (Posner, 2004). It shows the researchers that there are different parts of the brain would be working while doing mathematical and auditory task. It strongly proves that different intelligences are controlled by different parts of the brain. However, some claim that Gardner’s theory doesn’t have strong evidence enough to support it (Waterhouse, 2006). One of them argued that the theory was not supported by traditional intelligence testing. Some psychologists said if the nine characteristics were not related to the idea of intelligence (Willingham, 2004). While others say that the evidence does exist (Gardner amp; Moran, 2006). Besides that, there are also various criticisms about the theory. John White (1997, as cited in Smith, 2008) who has argued that there are some significant problems around the criteria of the theory, including individual criteria which have raised some questions that the answer still can’t be found by him in Gardner’s writing. The point is most of the criticisms were devoted to the way he presented it. Because Garner did not use such of that traditional test, his definition seems not to be accepted. Meanwhile, because Intelligence is a common thing that does not have a clear definition which is means can be measured in many ways, therefore Gardner’s theory should not be avoided just because he chose a non-traditional way to demonstrate his theory. On the other side, there are arguments between the teachers who have experienced in applying the theory as their teaching method. Some feel it works well. They feel that the theory would be helpful for the students because it trains them to think in many ways and increases their thinking ability (Ormrod, 2006). Otherwise, some feel the theory would not work well for the students because it will narrow their development. All students are considered to have an equal level of intelligence, so no one is assumed as more gifted or cleverer than another (Theory of multiple intelligences, 2008). Besides that, there is another theory which is suggested as better alternatives than Gardner’s. It is known as Triarchic theory of intelligence, which is found by Robert Sternberg (1997). Some teachers reported that most of the students who were not doing well in school, have reached a higher level of success in their working. These observations have supported Stenberg in doing his research (Stenberg, 1988). Same with Gardner’s theory, he found that everyone has a different type and level of intelligence. However, Stenberg (1997) is more focus on his three components, which are consist of practical, experiential, and componential intelligence, in purpose to help the individual to increase their ability in the type of intelligence which they chose to do. He believes if those intelligences abilities can be increased by learning, study, and practice. Many people always assume that intelligence is what can be measured from science. According to research done by Gardner, it is wrong. Sometimes, a child might be good in musical, but not too good in logic. In that case, he is not categorized as a fool. However, his musical intelligence is higher than his logical. According to Gardner (1983), human beings have several kinds of intelligence and everyone has a distinctive intelligence that can be increased as their independent skill. Each type of intelligence is the same. They are feasible and valuable (Gardner).

National Economic Policy

Policy Mix to Increase Output without Changing Interest Rates It is the desire of policy makers to boost economic growth in all ways possible. One of their main problem is always how to increase economic output while maintaining interest rates as low as possible because high interest rates discourage some components of aggregate demand especially investments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on National Economic Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fiscal policy uses the government resources to alter aggregate demand thus, influencing economic performance of a country (Arnold 2010). To raise output, policy makers will need to implement expansionary fiscal policy. This means that the government can either choose to reduce the amount of tax that citizens have to pay, increase it purchases or increase its level of transfers. The effects of taxes cannot be expected with certainty since it is not automatic that whe n people’s disposable income increases their spending follows suit, because others may choose to save instead of spending. When the government increases its level of purchases then, the level of planned expenditure in the whole country increases thus, demand for goods and services increases. Increases in demand means that suppliers can sell more commodities than they are currently selling therefore suppliers increase their output. On the same note, when government chooses to reduce the amount of taxes that are levied, people will have more disposable income and they are likely to increase their spending thus increasing aggregate demand. This will give suppliers incentive to produce more thus increasing output, which will in turn increase the average levels of income. It should be noted that, the increase in output is always more than the increase in government spending due to government multiplier. Expansionary fiscal policy makes the IS curve to shift to the right due to inc rease in aggregate demand which in turn increases output (Mankiw 2011). Regrettably, as the IS curve shifts to the right it is not the output only that increases but also interest rates and because policy makers do not want any effect in the interest rates the LM curve must be induced to shift to the right. If expansionary monetary policy is implemented, for example by increasing the amount of money in the economy, the LM curve will shift to the right (Froyen 2008). When the amount of money in circulation increases, the supply of money exceeds its demand and to boost the demand for money, banks have to reduce the interest rates thus making it cheaper to borrow.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The graph above shows the effects of expansionary fiscal policy as well as monetary policy on the IS LM curve. If the economy is initially in equilibrium at point A with interest rates i1 and output y1. Implementation of expansionary fiscal policy will cause a shift of the IS curve from I1S1 to I2S2 thus, changing the equilibrium from point A to point B with interest rate i2 and output y2. An expansionary monetary policy shifts the LM curve rightwards from L1M1 to L2M2 increasing output to y3 but reducing interest rates back to i1 and setting the new equilibrium at point C. Therefore, through mixing expansionary fiscal and expansionary monetary policy, policy makers can increase output without increasing interest rates (Gordon 2008). Elasticity of Money Demand and its Effects It is paramount to note that the quantity change in the demand for money is subjective to the elasticity of demand for money in relation to the factors that affect the demand for money. Income elasticity of money demand is the percentage change in the quantity of money demanded as a result of unit change in income levels of people. Usually, people who have higher income levels tend to have h igher expenses and thus demand more money for their transactions. However, it has been noted that the increase in real money demand is less proportional to increase in real income levels. Alternatively, interest elasticity of money demand is the quantity change of demand in money caused by a unit change in interest rates. Interest rates represents the opportunity cost of holding money therefore, as they increase it becomes expensive to hold money. Consequently, as the interest rates increases, rate of return on securities increases and people find it profitable to invest in securities instead of holding money. Accordingly, as interest rates increase, nominal demand for money decreases because people prefer to hold non-monetary assets as opposed to cash money.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on National Economic Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Expansionary fiscal policy increases output and therefore, income of the people while at the same time it influences increase in interest rates. It will therefore be more effective if the income elasticity of money demand exceeds interest elasticity of money demand (Keynes 2006). This is because the quantity increase in demand for money to be spent will be higher than the quantity decrease in demand for money to be invested and thus the overall effect will be increase in output. It should be noted that, the final quantity increase in aggregate demand and hence, the increase in output is highly influenced by the quantity decrease in investments as a result of increase in interest rates. The increase in output due to expansionary fiscal policy causes an increase in interest rates which is the cost of investments (Harford 2012). This in turn leads to decrease in the amount of investments thus, reducing the quantity change in aggregate demand, a process referred to as crowding out effect. If interest elasticity of money demand exceeds income elastici ty of money demand, the crowding out effect is large to the extent that it might completely eliminate the increase in output resulting from expansionary fiscal policy (Baumol Blinder 2011). The graph above shows IS LM curve of an economy. Expansionary fiscal policy shifts the I1S1 curve to I3S3 increasing both output and interest rates. The increase in interest rates makes investment expensive while non monetary assets become cheap. This leads to decrease in the level of private consumption and specifically investments thus, causing the IS curve to shift leftwards from I3S3 to I2S2 thus reducing the actual output from y3 to y2. It should be noted that, the leftward shift due to increase in interest rates is high when the interest elasticity of money demand is higher than the income elasticity of money demand, and in such a case it reduces the multiplier effect of fiscal policy. Therefore, the crowding out effect determines the quantity change in output due to expansionary fiscal p olicy and the higher it is the lower the quantity increase. Fiscal Policy under Fixed and Floating Exchange Rate System By operating a fixed exchange rate system, the government is ready to maintain exchange rate at the fixed level using all mechanisms that are available. When an expansionary fiscal policy is pursued in an economy where exchange rate is fixed, it leads to different results compared to a situation where the interest rates are floating (Tucker 2008). Let us first look at a situation where a country operates a fixed exchange rate system and the capital is perfectly mobile.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Expansionary fiscal policy will lead to increased aggregate demand hence, shifting the IS curve from I1S1 to I2S2 as shown in the graph above. This will exert pressure on exchange rates to go up, but since the central bank is determined to maintain exchange rate at the current level E*, it increases money supply through open market operations. Increase in money supply causes the LM curve to shift to the right from LM1 to LM2 therefore pushing aggregate incomes upwards from y1 to y2. Since there is perfect mobility of capital, the capital can easily be transferred to production of commodities whose demand is high. Let us now consider the outcomes of expansionary fiscal policy in case of a floating exchange rate. Expansionary fiscal policy shifts the IS curve rightwards from IS1 to IS2 as shown in the graph above. As a result, capital inflow increases which in turn increases demand for local currency therefore, increasing exchange rates from e1 to e2 while the aggregate income remai ns the same. Therefore, under fixed exchange rate system expansionary fiscal policy has greater effects because it triggers expansionary monetary policy thus, increasing aggregate income even further. It is important to note that, since exchange rate is maintained constant, the problem of crowding out effect is minimized. References Arnold, RA 2010, Macroeconomics, Cengage Learning, Stanford. Baumol, WJ Blinder, AS 2011, Macroeconomics: Principles and Policy, Cengage Learning, Stanford. Froyen, RT 2008, Macroeconomics: Theories and Policies, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. Gordon, RJ 2008, Macroeconomics, Addison-Wesley, Boston. Harford, T 2012, The Undercover Economist, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Keynes, JM 2006, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi. Mankiw, NG 2011, Essentials of Economics, Cengage Learning, Stanford. Tucker, I 2008, Economics for Today. Cengage Learning, Stanford. This essay on National Economic Policy was written and submitted by user Marshall Phelps to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.